Purpose: Acute urinary retention in children is a relatively rare entity. There are a variety of causes that are poorly defined in the literature. We review our cases of acute urinary retention in children at three major pediatrics centers in Iran. Materials and Methods: Between 1996 and 2003, children (up to 14 years old) who had been referred due to acute urinary retention were examined. Urinary retention was defined as inability to empty the bladder volitionally for more than 12 hours with a urine volume greater than expected for age or a palpably distended bladder. All data from the patients past medical history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiographic assessments were collected. Also, cystourethroscopy and urodynamic procedures had been carried out according to patients conditions. Patients with secondary urinary retention, including those with surgical history, immobility or chronic neurological disorders, mental retardation, and drugs or narcotics consumption were excluded from study. Results: There were 86 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, consisting of 58 males with a median age of 4 years (range 1 month to 14 years) and 58 females with a median age of 4 years (range 4 month to 14 years). Etiologies were lower urinary tract stone in 27.9%, neurological disorders in 10.4%, trauma in 10.4%, local inflammatory causes in 9.1%, urinary tract infection in 7.4%, ureterocele in 7.4%, benign obstructing lesions in 5.8%, iatrogenic in 5.8%, constipation in 4.6%, imperforated hymen in 3.5%, and large prostate utricle, urethral foreign body, and rhabdomyosarcoma each in 1 case (1.1%). Conclusion: The most common cause of acute urinary retention was lower urinary tract stone in our pediatric cases. Ureterocele and stone were the main findings in girls and boys, respectively, and urinary retention in boys was twice as prevalent as that in girls.

Background: Inguinal hernia is a common disorder which should be operated as soon as diagnosed. It is operated under general, spinal or weal anesthesia.Objective: To determine and compare the rate of urinary retention in patients operated under general or weal anesthesia.Methods: 50 patients over 40 years old were prospectively reviewed in Shahid Rajai hospital in Gazvin during 1999. They were divided into two groups in which group I (24 patients) underwent operation under weal anesthesia and group If (26) under general anesthesia. All patients had a type II Nyhus classification.Findings: 3 cases out of group I developed urinary retention (12.5%) while 10 cases out of group If developed the same complication (38%). The deference was statically significant. Conclusion: The findings indicated a significantly higher incidence of urinary complication in patients operated under general anesthesia.

A 22-years old woman presented to our hospital on the 9th postpartum day with history of difficulty in passing urine, pain and distension of abdomen for 2 days. She had anemia and tachycardia. Lower abdomen was distended with mild tenderness and sluggish bowel sound. Ultrasonography showed distended urinary bladder, bilateral mild hydronephrosis and minimal ascites (Figure 1). Catheterization drained 1500 mL of mildly blood stained urine. Serum creatinine was 1. 6 mg/dL. Total leucocyte count was 16000/cu mm with 80% neutrophils. Abdominal X-ray showed dilated bowel loops (Figure 2).

Fecaloma is a very hard stool often located in the rectum of the sigmoid colon. A 63-year-old man with abdominal distention and urinary retention was admitted to an emergency department. Abdominal CT scans showed a urinary bladder displaced by fecaloma. Fecaloma is an infrequent cause of acute urinary retention, especially in bedridden patients with underlying diseases.

A 17-year-old boy was admitted with a complaint of urinary retention. He had history of recurrent urinary tract infection, neurogenic bladder, and grade 5 vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). He had received anti-reflux surgery. Physical examination was normal. Laboratory investigations showed an increase in serum creatinine level. Urinary analysis was normal. Biochemistry lab tests and blood pressure were also in normal range for age. In the last voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), VUR was not detected and urinary bladder was observed in vertical position and with irregular border.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting postpartum urinary retention (PPUR) following vaginal delivery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study measured the post-void residual (PVR) urine volume by ultrasound, at most, 15 minutes after the first urination after delivery. Women with a PVR >150 mL without urinary symptoms were assigned to the postpartum covert urinary retention group. Data were analyzed with SPSS22. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. Results: In this study, 1120 patients had a normal delivery at Ayatollahs Rouhani hospital from 21 January 2016 to 20 January 2017. Of this number, 306 (29. 4%) and 734 (70. 6%) cases with and without urinary retention were allocated to the case and control groups, respectively. Women with instrumental delivery had 30. 19 times (P = 0. 003) higher odds of urinary retention. Instrumental delivery is one of the known risk factors of urinary retention. The linear effect of the total length of labor was also measured, and the results revealed that every one-minute increase in the total length of labor increases the odds of covert urinary retention by 1. 008 times (P < 0. 001). Conclusions: The findings of the study showed that various factors are involved in the incidence of urinary retention. More precisely, instrumental delivery, birth weight, gestational age, and other factors can each be a risk factor for urinary retention.